Cell+programmed+Death

Programmed cell death helps defend and develops cells in both plant and animals; it removes any damaged or mutated cells that surround the tissues of plants and animals A basic description of cell death process occurred by apoptosis; cell death exactly balance the cell division. They shrink and condense, the cytoskeleton collapses, the nuclear envelope disassembles, and the nuclear chromatin condenses and breaks up into fragments (Alberts et al., 2008, p. 1128). Apoptosis depends on caspases enzyme to help kill the cell and neighboring cell engulfs apoptotic bodies (Alberts et al. 2008, p. 1115). b. The purpose of the process in the cell is a necessary part for functioning of an individual cell that is no longer needed, the cell dies neatly and quickly cleared away, without causing a threat to the organism and a damaging inflammatory response (Alberts et al. 2008, p. 1115). c. One of the many diseases that are associated with cell death is Parkinson’s disease; it is said to be the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Complications of this disease include resting tumor, rigidity, bradykinesi and postural instability. This disease associated with either the extrinsic or intrinsic and neuronal cell death associated with Parkinson’s disease including, including α-Syn, parkin, PINK1, DJ-1, and LRRK2, involves caspase activation (Levy et al. 2009). d. Apoptosis led to identification of key players involved enzyme. Bc12 and IAP proteins regulate the apoptotic program to make sure that cell normally kill itself only when it needs to. e. The first recent research articles that discussed the process is “Programmed cell death in type II neuroblast lineages is required for central complex development in the Drosophila brain” analyzed that cell death plays a prominent role in the developing of type II lineages which cell death controls neuroblast and neural cell survival (Dekkers, M. P., & Barde, Y. A., 2013). The second research “DNA demethlyation of neuronal cell death genes in depression” discussed about cell death in relation to neuronal cell death in methylation dynamics with oxidative stress and inflammation in the depressed brain (Xin et al. 2013). The third research “Caspase Functions in Cell Death and Disease” is important because it determined that caspase at nexus regulatory networks control cell death and inflammation and disease that associated with caspase tell inappropriate of caspase activation (McIlwain et al. 2013).
 * References **

Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walter, P. (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell (5th ed.). //New York: Garland Science//. p. 510; 1379-80. Dekkers, M. P., & Barde, Y. A. (2013). Programmed Cell Death in Neuronal Development. //Science//, //340//(6128), 39-41. Levy, O. A., Malagelada, C., & Greene, L. A. (2009). Cell death pathways in Parkinson’s disease: proximal triggers, distal effectors, and final steps.//Apoptosis//, //14//(4), 478-500. McIlwain, D. R., Berger, T., & Mak, T. W. (2013). Caspase Functions in Cell Death and Disease. //Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology//, //5//(4). Xin, Y., O’Donell, A., Ge, Y., Chanrion, B., Dwork, A., Arango, V., & Haghighi, F. (2013). DNA demethylation of neuronal cell death genes in depression. //Epigenetics & Chromatin//, //6//(Suppl 1), P113.