Asthma


 * Irritant/allergen ** à antigen presenting cells(to allergens) à T helper 1 cells à  specific immune responses to allergens


 * Irritant/allergen ** à antigen presenting cells(to allergens) à T helper 2 cells à general inflammatory response à  bronchial constriction


 * Irritant/allergen ** à IgE production à  beta 2 receptor inhibitor à  decreased ability for smooth muscle in lungs to relax


 * Irritant/allergen ** à Leukotrienes and histamine à increased neutrophils à <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">increased inflammatory mediators à <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> increased vascular permeiablilty and increased bronchoconstriction à <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> increased airway resistance


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Irritant/allergen ** à <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Leukotrienes and histamine à <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">increased neutrophils,eosinophils and mast cells à <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">proinflammatory activities à <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">increased bronchoconstriction and mucus production à <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> increased airway resistance


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Irritant/allergen **** à **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> eosinophils and mast cells production à <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">desquamation, sub epithelial fibrosis, smooth muscle hypertrophy à <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">narrowing of air way resistance, loss of epithelial derived relaxing factors and prostaglandin E2 à <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> bronchoconstriction, bronchioles unable to relax and mucus build up.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">A. Name of disease:Asthma <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">B. Root cause of disease:Genetic,Environmental,Hygiene factors <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">C. Affected cell types/tissues/organs/systems:Affects the respiratory system,Lungs,seeing as it is an allergy affects certain white blood cells,Bronchiole lining <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">D. Historical background: It is believed that asthma was discovered in egypt in ancient times.Hippocrates was later known to have given the name asthma.In the 1880’s <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dr. J. B. Berkart used IV therapy to administer doses of a drug called pilocarpin and in 1886, F.H. Bosworth theorized a connection between asthma and hay fever. Epinephrine was first used as a treatment of asthma in 1905, and again for acute asthma in 1910 <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">E. Common symptoms:Wheezing,Coughing,Chest Tightness,and shortness of breath <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">F. Standard treatments:Albuterol inhalers or nebulizer treatments. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">G. Current research:There is current research on how the disease affects multiple races(Nguyen & Burchard 2012,Wechsler et. al. 2011)as well as how difficult it is to develop medicine for this disease(Mullane, 2011). <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">H. References: = **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mullane, K., (2011) The increasing challenge of discovering asthma drugs, [|//Biochemical Pharmacology//]<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, 82(6), 586-599. ** = <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nguyen, E. A.,& Burchard, E.G., (2012) Asthma Research for All of the United States, //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, //<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 25 (3), 128-131. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">,; ,,.,, ,& Israel,E.(2011)Impact of Race on Asthma Treatment Failures in the Asthma Clinical Research Network//,//. 184 (11), 1247-1253.