Macroautophagy,+Microautophagy,+and+Organelle-Specific+Autophagy

=__**Autophagy**__=

=
The basic catabolic mechanism that involves cell degradation of unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components through the action of lysosomes. This ensures cellular survival during starvation by maintaining cellular energy levels. If regulated, autophagy ensures the synthesis, degradation and recycling of cellular components. ======

__** 3 Types of Pathways Involved in Autophagy: **__
====**Macroautophagy**- it is the main pathway that occurs mainly to eradicate damaged cell organelles or unused proteins. When autophagy is induced a double membrane forms around cytoplasmic substrates resulting in the organelle known as the autophagosome. The autophagosome travels through the cytoplasm of the cell to a lysosome and the two organelles fuse together and the intersection with endosomal pathways occurs. Within the lysosome the contents of the autophagosome are degraded using acidic lysosomal hydorlases.====

**Microautophagy**- Involves the direct engulfment of cytoplasmic material into the lysosome. The lysosomal membrane folds inward which is also known as cellular protrusion.
====**Organelle-Specific Autophagy (Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy)-** Is a very complex and specific pathway which involves the recognition by the hsc70-containing complex. The protein must contain the recognition site for this hsc70 complex which allow its to bind to this chaperone. The complex then moves to the lysosomal membrane-bound protein that will recognize and bind with the receptor allow it to enter the cell. The substrate protein then gets unfolded and translocated across the lysosome membrane with the assistance of the lysosomal hsc70 chaperone.====



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__**Autophagy and the Integrated Stres****s**__ **__Response(2010)__:**
This review talks about autophagy and how it affects our systems

__**Autophagy and Metabolism** **(2010):**__ This article talks about autophagy and how it could go wrong and how it relates to metabolism.

__**Guidelines for the Use and Interpretation of Assays for Monitoring Autophagy (2010):**__ These authors created a set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy in 2008. Since then research on autophagy has increased. They recommend using multiple assays to monitor autophagy.

**References:**

"Autophagy." Wikipedia, 10/13/2013. Web. []

Kroemer, G., Marino, G., Levine, B.. "Autophagy and the Integrated Stress Response." ScienceDirect, 10/22/2010. [|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1097276510007513#]

Rabinowitz, J., White, E. "Autophagy and Metabolism." ScienceMag, 12/3/2010. []

Klionsky, D., et. al. "Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy." Landes Bioscience Inc. 1/26/2012. []